Groovy

Basics

Item	Description
`println('Hello, World!')`	print to console
`/* comment */`	single-line or multi-line comments
`def variableName = value`	define a variable
`return value`	return a value from a method
`"String interpolation ${variableName}"`	interpolate variables in a string

Item	Description
`String`	a sequence of characters
`int`	an integer
`float`	a floating-point number
`boolean`	true or false
`List`	an ordered collection of objects
`Map`	a collection of key-value pairs

Item	Description
`if (condition) { ... }`	conditional statement
`if (condition) { ... } else { ... }`	conditional statement with an else block
`for (item in list) { ... }`	iterate over a list
`while (condition) { ... }`	loop while a condition is true
`switch (value) { case caseValue: ... }`	conditional branching based on the value of a variable

Item	Description
`def methodName() { ... }`	define a method
`def methodName(parameter) { ... }`	define a method with a parameter
`def methodName(parameter1, parameter2) { ... }`	define a method with multiple parameters
`methodName() or methodName(parameter)`	call a method

Item	Description
`class ClassName { ... }`	define a class
`new ClassName()`	create a new instance of a class
`def variable = new ClassName()`	create a new instance of a class and assign it to a variable
`variable.propertyName`	access a property of an object
`variable.methodName()`	call a method on an object

Item	Description
`Closures`	a code block that can be assigned to a variable or passed as an argument to a method
`Metaprogramming`	changing the behavior of a program at runtime by modifying classes and objects
`Builders`	a domain-specific language for creating complex structures like XML or HTML